Cassio approaches her, but she must now, because of Othellos anger, postpone her efforts on his behalf. In the darkness, Iago manages to hide his identity, and when Lodovico and Gratiano hear Cassio's cries for help, Iago joins them. Iago then wounds Cassio in the leg. Required fields are marked *. and Shakespeare, William "Othello" The Oxford Shakespeare, Oxford University Press, 2006 pp.445-454 at p.445. [10], While supplying the source of the plot, the book offered nothing of the sense of place of Venice or Cyprus. From award-winning theater and music, to poetry and exhibitions, experience the power of the arts with us. He would have felt a significant amount of racial and religious discrimination directed at him. Othello, in full Othello, the Moor of Venice, tragedy in five acts by William Shakespeare, written in 1603-04 and published in 1622 in a quarto edition from a transcript of an authorial manuscript. Jealous of Othellos success and envious of Cassio, Iago plots Othellos downfall by falsely implicating Othellos wife, Desdemona, and Cassio in a love affair. Austern, Linda Phyllis "The Music in the Play" in Neil, Michael (ed.) 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They write new content and verify and edit content received from contributors. The tragedy is in the alternative path of destruction which he takes. I would definitely recommend Study.com to my colleagues. Othello orders a general celebration and leaves to consummate his marriage with Desdemona. Time period creates expectations about those same things and more, including available technology and the background of real historical events. Venice was, at the time, one of the most powerful and cosmopolitan city-states in Europe. ), was likely more plausible to contemporary audiences in a play set in Venice. [109], Throughout the eighteenth and nineteenth centuries, Othello was regarded as the most demanding of Shakespeare's roles: it is considered a part of theatre legend that Edmund Kean collapsed while playing the role, and died two months after. Othello is identified in the plays subtitle as a Moor: a term most typically used in this period to signal someone who was either of African descent, Muslim faith, or both. Why does Othello go to Cyprus? These slender proofs confirm what Othello has been all too inclined to believethat, as an older black man, he is no longer attractive to his young white Venetian wife. More, it is a military strategic target for both the Venitians and the Turks. Othello, belatedly realising Desdemona's innocence, stabs Iago (but not fatally), saying that Iago is a devil, but not before the latter stabs Emilia to death in the scuffle. Othello is older, dark-skinned, and linked to the Muslim faith. "Othello" The Arden Shakespeare, Third Series Revised Edition, Bloomsbury Publishing Plc., 2016, p.28. Members will be prompted to log in or create an account to redeem their group membership. "The temptation scene" is a term often used in the critical literature to mean. In the meantime, find us online and on the road. What reason does Iago give for his hatred of Othello? Anything that were missing or that isnt clear? [73] Yet this short timeframe does not allow any time for the supposed affair between Desdemona and Cassio to have happened. You'll be billed after your free trial ends. EnterOthello,Iago,Attendants,withTorches. 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Booth was gentle with Desdemona. Iago also induces Othello to eavesdrop on a conversation between himself and Cassio that is in fact about Cassios mistress, Bianca, but which Othello is led to believe concerns Cassios infatuation with Desdemona. Greenhall, Susanne and Shaughnessy, Robert "Our Shakespeares: British Television and the Strains of Multiculturalism" in Burnett, Mark Thornton and Wray, Ramona (eds.) You can zoom in on the map for a more detailed view of an area, and click the icons on the map for more information. Neill, Michael (ed.) Gurr, Andrew and Ichikawa, Mariko "Oxford Shakespeare Topics: Staging in Shakespeare's Theatres" Oxford University Press, 2000, p.55. 2645, at p.41. From this time forth I never will speak word. Log in here. Please wait while we process your payment. Create your account, 6 chapters | Theater-maker and past Folger Fellow Debra Ann Byrd tells us about her solo show. London. In My Life in Art, Stanislavski recalls Salvini's scene before the Senate, saying that the actor "grasped all of us in his palm, and held us there as if we were ants or flies". He warns Othello against becoming jealous of Desdemona.When Desdemona enters and Othello complains of an aching head, Desdemona offers to bind his head with her handkerchief. Othello arrives and questions the men as to what happened. His time is occupied with finding an enemy, but this time he perceives wrongly. At Iagos suggestion, he and Roderigo, a former suitor to Desdemona, awake Desdemonas father to tell him that Desdemona has eloped with Othello. Lodovico apprehends both Iago and Othello for the murders of Roderigo, Emilia, and Desdemona, but Othello commits suicide. (eds.) Laurence Olivier quoted by Rosenthal, 2007, p.174, The Spectator quoted by Rosenthal, 2007, p.174. Since only white males performed on Shakespeare's stage, Othello would have been portrayed by a white man in blackface. 112113. Why does Othello care about Desdemona's handkerchief How does Iago manipulate Desdemona? Your email address will not be published. "Walking Shadows: Shakespeare in the National Film and Television Archive" British Film Institute, 1994 pp.119-131. [111] Before Kean, the leading exponent of the role had been John Philip Kemble who played a "neoclassical hero". He then kills himself. [144], In March 2016 the historian Onyeka produced a play entitled Young Othello, a fictional take on Othello's young life before the events of Shakespeare's play. [93], The title role was originally played by Richard Burbage, whose eulogies reveal that he was admired in the role. In Othello, William Shakespeare creates powerful drama from a marriage between the exotic Moor Othello and the Venetian lady Desdemona that begins with elopement and mutual devotion and ends with jealous rage and death.Shakespeare builds many differences into his hero and heroine, including race, age, and cultural background. Iago's successful attempt to destroy Othello, Desdemona, and their otherwise perfect marriage is therefore a corruption of these values. His marriage to the upper-class Venetian, Desdemona, only heightens this conflict. "[69], Ultimately Iago provides no answer - refusing, at the end of the play, to reveal his motive: "Demand me nothing. Does Othello die? [225], Aphra Behn's 1688 novel Oroonoko, and its subsequent dramatisation by Thomas Southerne, reset Othello's enslavement in the context of the then-current Atlantic triangle. The action moves to Cyprus, an unruly place with rough inhabitants, drunks and prostitutes, where crime and violence are the norm. And, if you can, to perform parts of it yourself. This contributes to a prominent theme of the play, which is the difference between external appearances and internal desire. Overcome with jealousy, Othello kills Desdemona. The play is partially set in Cyprus because the main characters have to defend the island from a Turkish invasion. A second factor which may have informed Shakespeares decision to set his play in Venice was the citys reputation as a hub of prostitution. Iago begins to plot to himself how he may use Othellos marriage to get back at Othello and to get Cassios place as lieutenant. "The Cambridge Companion to Shakespeare and Popular Culture", Cambridge University Press, 2007, pp. The story revolves around two characters, Othello and Iago. [210], The Willow Song, sung by Desdemona in Act 4 Scene 3,[211] is not an original creation of Shakespeare's, but was already a well-known ballad. In Shakespeares time, Cyprus was an island right on the edge of European territory a military post to keep an eye on the Turks, who were always ready to disrupt European trade and to fight them if necessary. Cinthio drew a moral (which he placed in the mouth of Desdemona) that it is unwise for European women to marry the temperamental men of other nations. Daileader, Celia B. Learn more about Shakespeare, his theater, and his plays from the experts behind our editions. She denies being unfaithful, but he smothers her. How does Iago convince Othello that Desdemona is cheating? The duke and the senators discuss the movements of the Turkish fleet and conclude that its target is, indeed, Cyprus. [198], Part of the explosion of the Romantic movement in France was a fashion for re-writing English plays as melodrama, including Alfred de Vigny's 1829 Othello adaptation Le More de Venise. The play is set in both Cyprus (half inhabited by the Turks) and Venice, during the wars between Venice and Turkey. [202], The Othello story became the rock opera Catch My Soul in 1968, depicting Othello as a charismatic religious cult leader, Desdemona as a naive convert, and Iago as a malcontent cult member who thinks himself to be Satan. Iago counters this threat by telling Roderigo that Desdemona will leave for Mauritania with Othello unless Roderigo can delay them. The Folio also lacks a scattering of about a dozen lines or part-lines that are to be found in the Quarto. He's a Moor, a non-specific term used by Europeans of the period to refer to Muslims from Northern Africa, Spain, and parts of the Middle East. Latest answer posted December 03, 2020 at 4:29:02 PM. "Nude Shakespeare in Film and Nineties Popular Feminism" in Alexander, Catherine M. S. and Wells, Stanley "Shakespeare and Sexuality" Cambridge University Press, 2001, pp.183-200 at pp.190-192. Shakespeare Unlimited: Episode 177 Close reading of Shakespeare is not a new concept. As a member, you'll also get unlimited access to over 88,000 Honigmann, 1997, pp.68-72, citing M R Ridley's Arden Second Series edition of the play, at p.69. Instead of being born into privilege, he achieves it through his accomplishments as a soldier and, eventually, as a powerful general. How to visit Venices lagoon islands, courtesy of Kali Travel. For example, if you change the time to the present time, the characters should have present-day clothes, weapons, and speaking patterns. Let your students discover for themselves the drama and tension of this moment from Othello. In the 1500s Venice fought a number of battles against the Ottoman Empire, located in what is now Turkey. Iago refuses to explain his motives, vowing to remain silent from that moment on. When Desdemona drops a handkerchief (the first gift given to her by Othello), Emilia finds it and gives it to Iago at his request, unaware of what he plans to do with it. [152][153][154][155][156], Othello has influenced many film makers, and often the results are adaptations, rather than performances of Shakespeare's text. Iago then accuses Bianca of the failed conspiracy to kill Cassio. [22], The racist slurs used by Iago, Roderigo and Brabantio in the play suggest that Shakespeare conceived of Othello as a black African. A plot-line in Farrukh Dhondy's novel Black Swan involves the central character Lazarus, a freed slave, travelling to London in the time of Shakespeare and authoring many of the plays attributed to Shakespeare, including Othello, in a production of which Lazarus plays the title character, and kills himself. At 1097 lines, Iago's is the larger of the two: only Hamlet (in Hamlet) and Richard (in Richard III) are longer. The text published in the First Folio of 1623 seems to have been based on a version revised by Shakespeare himself that sticks close to the original almost line by line but introduces numerous substitutions of words and phrases, as though Shakespeare copied it over himself and rewrote as he copied. Othello, in full Othello, the Moor of Venice, tragedy in five acts by William Shakespeare, written in 160304 and published in 1622 in a quarto edition from a transcript of an authorial manuscript. How does Iago use Bianca to trick Othello? King Lear is also in England, but takes place even further back in the medieval period centuries before Shakespeare, as does the Scottish play, Macbeth. Making use of a handkerchief belonging to Desdemona and found by Emilia when Othello has unwittingly dropped it, Iago persuades Othello that Desdemona has given the handkerchief to Cassio as a love token. Find teaching resources and opportunities. On 11/22/1629, and on 5/ 6/1635, it . A pattern emerged where Welles would collect his cast and crew for filming, then after four or five weeks his money would run out and filming would cease: Welles would then appear in another movie, and using his acting fee would reconvene filming. "[127] Jos Ferrer played Iago and Uta Hagen Desdemona. It is considered in Greek mythology to be the birthplace of Aphrodite (or Venus), the Greek and Roman goddess of erotic love. Cassio, distraught, is then persuaded by Iago to ask Desdemona to persuade her husband to reinstate him. How can all students grapple with the language of race, religion, gender, and power? Meanwhile, Iago sneaks away to find Othello and warns him that Brabantio is coming for him. Scenes in the final movie were sometimes spliced together from one actor filmed in Italy in one year, and another actor filmed in Morocco the next. Later, Bianca accuses Cassio of giving her a second-hand gift which he had received from another lover. He has taught a range of literature and theatre subjects at the university level. Make sure to change both the time period and the location while keeping the plot as close to the original as possible. Try to reach the top of the leaderboard ! As there are also three main characters, Venice is represented by Iago; Cyprus is represented by Desdemona; and the Turks are represented by Othello. [137] The script remained unchanged as regards the character's race, so the white Othello was, throughout, referred to as black. If it is disturbing to suspect that a devil may be lurking around us in human form, perhaps within our most trusted friend, it is even more disturbing to realize that this devil may be a reflection of our own destructive tendencies. Othello reenters and, now tormented by jealousy, threatens Iago with death unless he provides proof of Desdemonas infidelity.Iago alleges that Cassio one night talked in his sleep about making love to Desdemona and that Cassio once wiped his beard with the lost handkerchief. The play was first published in 1622 as a quarto (Q1) and then, a year later, in a different version in the 1623 First Folio (F1). Encyclopaedia Britannica's editors oversee subject areas in which they have extensive knowledge, whether from years of experience gained by working on that content or via study for an advanced degree. [212] The version of it thought to be most authentic, because it closely matches the lyric given by Shakespeare, is known as "The Poore Soule Sate Sighing"[213] and is one of the most performed pieces of early modern English music. The book was an enormous success in Europe, and was translated into many other languages,[13] remaining a definitive reference work for decades (and to some degree, centuries) afterwards. Burt, Richard "Backstage Pass(ing): Stage Beauty, Tatspaugh, Patricia "The Tragedies of Love on Film" in Jackson, Russell (ed.) Iago uses this and other ploysmisinterpreted conversations, insinuations, and a lost handkerchiefto convince Othello that Desdemona and Cassio are lovers. While Iago, Lodovico, and Gratiano tend to Cassio, Bianca arrives. EnterBrabantio,Roderigo,withOfficers,andTorches. Kean's biographer F. W. Hawkins quoted in Honigmann and Thompson, 2016, p.32. [218] But the most notable version, considered a masterpiece with a power equivalent to that of the play, is Verdi's 1887 Otello,[219] for which Arrigo Boito's libretto marked a return to faithfulness to the original plot, including the reappearance of the pillow as the murder weapon, rather than Ducis' dagger. Except where otherwise stated, references to the play. for a group? SparkNotes PLUS Marsden, p.21. The rest of the play takes place on the island of Cyprus, away from the law and order. A description of the publishing history of the play and our editors approach to this edition, Textual Notes Latest answer posted April 07, 2021 at 11:18:50 AM. He lures Cassio into a drunken fight, for which Cassio loses his new rank; Cassio, at Iagos urging, then begs Desdemona to intervene. The play is set in two places. Over her protests of innocence, he smothers her. [164] Welles uses shadows, extreme camera angles and discordant piano music to force the audience to feel Othello's disorientated view of Desdemona. It was staged on 2/ 30/1610 at the Globe Theatre, and at Oxford in 9/1610. Iago next places Othello where he can see (but not hear) a conversation between Cassio and Iago about Bianca, telling Othello that the bawdy talk is about Cassio and Desdemona. [68], As Robert Watson summarises it: "The seemingly endless critical debate about Iago's motivation reflects a truth, rather than a confusion, about the play. 269270 (in turn citing the 1982 reprint of. F1s version of the play is about 160 lines longer than Q1, with some of those lines clustering into distinct passages that do not have an equivalent in Q1. The Venetian state tolerated prostitution as another feature of the citys bustling commercial life, and the city gained a reputation as a place potentially loaded with sexual innuendo. In this time, Italy was not a unified country, but a region that included many independent states, of which Venice was one. Learn about the building renovation and start planning your visit. One of the most extreme is related by French novelist Stendhal who reports that at the Baltimore Theatre in 1822 a soldier interrupted the performance just before Desdemona's murder, shouting "It will never be said that in my presence a confounded Negro has killed a white woman!" on 50-99 accounts. This choral reading mashup will ignite bold discussion. Desdemona pleads to Othello on Cassios behalf. Latest answer posted April 06, 2020 at 3:38:13 PM, Explain this quote from act 1, scene 3 ofOthello: "Look to her, Moor, if thou hast eyes to see: she has deceived her father and may thee. This island setting, however, relates to fertility that results from devoted marital relationships. . Its like a teacher waved a magic wand and did the work for me. In his absence, Iago gets Cassio drunk, and then persuades Roderigo to draw Cassio into a fight. With the unwitting aid of Emilia, his wife, and the willing help of Roderigo, a fellow malcontent, Iago carries out his plan. Their purpose was to garner military and economic support from James. [165] Cages, grilles and bars are frequent images. Watson, Robert N. "Tragedy" in Braunmuller, A. R. and Hattaway, Michael (eds.) 150174, at pp. "[88] And as Michael Neill points out, many of the problems disappear if one supposes that Cassio and Desdemona's affair had commenced prior to Othello and Desdemona's elopement. An essay about how Shakespeares plays were published, Actor Adrian Lester walks us through big moments in his illustrious career, including Cheek by Jowls all-male As You Like It and Peter Brooks Hamlet.. "The Cambridge Companion to Shakespeare on Film" Cambridge University Press, 2000 pp.261-273 at p.269, in turn quoting Olivier's "On Acting". Desdemona is asleep in bed when Othello enters. [195] Edward Young's 1721 play The Revenge reversed the racial roles, featuring the "swagger part" of a black villain called Zanga whose victim was a white man. When he learns from Emilia, too late, that his wife is blameless, he asks to be remembered as one who loved not wisely but too well and kills himself. [6] This is not incompatible with the suggestion that the Quarto is based on an early version of the play, whilst the Folio represents Shakespeare's revised version. On 12/8/1660, Thomas Killigrew's new King's Company acted the play at their Vere Street theatre, with Margaret Hughes as Desdemona, probably the first time a professional actress appeared on a public stage in England. [190] The play was abridged to 30 minutes by Leon Garfield, and produced with cel animation for the TV series Shakespeare: The Animated Tales. What does a black actor at an audition in today's world have to say to Shakespeare's Othello? Their threat lives on in Othello, who is an obvious racial and sexual threat to Iago's white Christian values. Iago persuades Othello that Desdemona and Cassio have "the act of shame a thousand times committed";[79] Emilia says Iago "hath a hundred times"[80] asked her to steal the handkerchief; Bianca complains Cassio has been away from her "a week";[81] and by Act 4 Roderigo (who sold his land at the end of Act 1)[82] has already squandered all his money. [3][4] The play was entered into the Register of the Stationers Company on 6 October 1621, by Thomas Walkley, and was first published in quarto format by him in 1622: Tragdy of Othello, The Moore of Venice. Full Play Summary. In the dark streets of Cyprus, Roderigo attacks Cassio, who, uninjured, stabs Roderigo. Shakespeares Life Thats all the information we have on Shakespeares Othello play. The Senators wish to send Othello to Cyprus, which is under threat from Turkey. flashcard sets. [34], The word "whore" appears 14 times in Othello, more often than in any other work by Shakespeare, often used (in Kay Stanton's words) as a "male-initiated inscription onto the female as scapegoat. 645657, at p.649. William Shakespeare's career is often most associated with Queen Elizabeth I and her steadfast support of his plays, which is to some extent justified. The use of the word 'country' is a pun here on the infamous derogatory word for female genitalia (a joke that Shakespeare often employs). [134] Willard White in 1989 was the first black actor to play Othello at Stratford since Paul Robeson thirty years earlier. Save my name, email, and website in this browser for the next time I comment. Earle Hyman interviewed by Michael A. Morrison 9 April 1999 cited in Morrison, 2002, p.252. In 2009, stand-up comedian Lenny Henry played Othello, produced by Northern Broadsides in collaboration with West Yorkshire Playhouse. Full recording available fromSimon & Schuster Audioon CD and for download. Othello prepares to tour Cypruss fortifications. [76] And this urgency is underlined by the text: in particular's Iago's concern that if Othello compares notes with anyone else it will become clear that Iago is playing one character against another. [72] Its action is continuous from Othello and Desdemona's wedding night, except for the voyage from Venice to Cyprus (during which Cassio and Desdemona are not together) and the time in Cyprus covers an estimated 33 hours. This leads to them fighting one another and Montano being injured. He is awe-inspiring in his tales of adventure, sacrifice and danger; and indeed he tells us that this has bewitched those around him, including his new wife -. Your email address will not be published. In the streets of Venice, Iago tells Roderigo of his hatred for Othello, who has given Cassio the lieutenancy that Iago wanted and has made Iago a mere ensign. Find teaching resources and opportunities. What is Iago's plan and purpose in act 1, scene 3 of Othello? She thereby vindicates Othello before the senate. Taylor, Gary "Shakespeare Plays on Renaissance Stages" in Wells, Stanley and Stanton, Sarah (eds.) [3] Most modern editions are based on the longer Folio version, but often incorporate Quarto readings of words when the Folio text appears to be in error. Dive deep into the worlds largest Shakespeare collection and access primary sources from the early modern period. She has deceived her father, and may thee" (Act I, Sc 3). eNotes Editorial, 10 Jan. 2011, https://www.enotes.com/homework-help/how-location-important-234905. Let us know in the comments section below! Given its association with Aphrodite, the goddess of love, Cyprus would have symbolized sex as well. Iago plays on this reputation when goading Othello into believing that the Venetian Desdemona could be unfaithful: 'I know our country disposition well.In Venice they do let God see the pranksThey dare not show their husbands. 3757, at p.53. They bring Desdemona before them. [162] And Richard Eyre's Stage Beauty depicts a restoration performance of the play. [107] And Hewlett's protg Ira Aldridge played many Shakespearean roles across Europe for forty years, including Othello at the Royalty Theatre, London, in 1825. Othello strikes Desdemona in Lodovicos presence, then rudely dismisses her, leaving in a jealous rage. The setting (or time and place) of Shakespeare's Othello is the city-state of Venice and the island of Cyprus during the wars with the Ottoman Empire in the 1570s. Production History UCB Shakespeare Program. [112] It was also Kean who initiated the so-called "Bronze Age of Othello" by insisting that "it was a gross error to make Othello either a negro or a black"[113] and thereby commencing a stage tradition of using lighter makeup rather than blackface. [Data courtesy of the Yorck Project, under Creative Commons Attribution-Share- Alike License (Wikipedia)]. "Leo Africanus's Descrittione dell'Africa and its sixteenth-century translations". Anachronisms include props, speech elements, or references that demonstrably do not belong to the play's time period or place. Othello (full title: The Tragedy of Othello, the Moor of Venice) is a tragedy written by William Shakespeare, probably in 1603. "[5] Scholars differ in their explanation of these differences, and no consensus has emerged. [166] And the text is heavily cut: Othello's first words are his speech to the Senators from Act 1 Scene 3. The other most important theme is race. They bring Desdemona before them. Contact us Othello occurs at a time when Christian Europeans were battling with Muslim forces for control of lands in Eastern Europe and the Mediterranean. Updates? Cyprus, on the other hand, is more volatile and wild. EnterDesdemona,Iago,Roderigo,andEmilia. However, the version in the Folio is rather different in length, and in wording: as the editors of the Folger edition explain: "The Folio play has about 160 lines that do not appear in the Quarto. The title character is a military general working for the Italian city-state of Venice during its wars with the Ottoman Empire in the mid-to-late 1500s. ", In Shakespeare's main source, Cinthio's Gli Hecatommithi, the character Disdemona (the equivalent of Shakespeare's Desdemona) says "I very much fear that I shall be held up as an example to young girls who wish to marry against their family's wishes, and to Italian girls so that they may learn not to choose a man whom nature, God and manner of life make so different from us.
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